Fence in system

Giant Georgia is often raise in cages in central Thailand Fish cages are located in lakes, bayous, ponds, rivers or oceans to enclose and protect fish until they can be harvested. The technique is also called "off-shore agriculture when the cages are placed in the sea. They can be constructed of a wide variety of components. Fish are stocked in cages, unnaturally fed, and harvested when they reach market size. A few advantages of fish farming with cages are that many types of waters can be used (rivers, lakes, filled quarries, etc.), many types of fish can be raised, and fish rural can co-exist with game fish and other water uses. Cage agricultural of fishes in open seas is also ahead fame. Concerns of disease, poaching, poor water quality, etc., lead some to believe that in general, pond system are easier to manage and simpler to start. Also, past occurrences of cage-failures leading to escapes, have raised concern about the culture of non-native fish species in dam or open-water cages. Even though the cage-industry has made many technological advances in cage construction in current years, storms will always make the concern for escapes valid. The quarrel of being growth on copper alloy nets also provides a cleaner and well again environment for farmed fish to grow and thrive. Traditional netting involves regular and labor-intensive cleaning. In addition to its anti fouling profit, copper web has strong structural and corrosion-resistant properties in marine environments. Copper-zinc brass alloys are at present (2011) being deployed in commercial-scale aquaculture operations in Asia, South America and the USA (Hawaii). Extensive explore, including demonstrations and trials, are currently being implemented on two other copper alloys: copper-nickel and copper-silicon. Each of these alloy types has an inherent ability to reduce befouling, cage waste, disease, and the need for antibiotics while simultaneously maintaining water circulation and oxygen requirements. Other types of copper alloys are also being considered for research and development in aquaculture operations.

Irrigation channel or pond systems

These fish-farming ponds were created as a cooperative project in a rural village. These exercise irrigation ditches or farm ponds to hoist fish. The basic condition is to have a ditch or pond that retains water, maybe with an above-ground irrigation organization (many irrigation systems use buried pipes with headers.)Using this process, one can store one's water allotment in ponds or ditches, usually lined with boonies clay. In small systems the fish are often fed commercial fish food, and their waste harvest can help fertilize the fields. In larger ponds, the pond grows water plant life and algae as fish food. Some of the most successful ponds grow introduced strains of plants, as well as introduced strains of fish.Control of water quality are central. Fertilizing, clarifying and pH control of the water can increase yields substantially, as long as sophistication is prevented and oxygen levels stay high. Yields can be low if the fish grow ill from electrolyte stress. The complex fish culture system is a technology developed in India by the Indian Council of Agricultural explore in the 1970s. In this system both local and imported fish kind, a combination of five or six fish species is used in a single fish pond. These type are selected so that they do not contend for food among them having different types of food habitats. As a result, the food available in all the parts of the pond is used. Fish used in this system include calla and silver carp which are surface feeders, rough a column feeder and madrigal and common carp which are bottom feeders. Other fish will also feed on the excreta of the common carp and this helps contribute to the effectiveness of the system which in optimal conditions will produce 3000–6000 kg of fish per hectare per year. One problem with such composite fish culture is that many of these fish breed only for the period of monsoon. Even if fish seed is collected from the wild, it can be mixed with that of other species as well. So, a major dilemma in fish farming is the lack of accessibility of good-quality seed. To overcome this problem, ways have now been worked out to breed these fish in ponds using hormonal stimulus. This has ensured the supply of pure fish seed in desired quantities.

Integrated recycling systems

One of the prime plights with freshwater viticulture is that it can employ a million gallons of water per acre (about 1 m³ of water per m²) each year. Extended water sanitation systems allow for the recycle (recycling) of local water. The largest-scale pure fish farms use a system derived (admittedly much refined) from the New Alchemy Institute in the 1970s. Basically, great plastic fish tanks are placed in a greenhouse. A hydroponic bed is positioned near, above or between them. When papilla are raised in the tanks, they are able to eat algae, which logically grow in the tanks when the tanks are appropriately fertilized. The tank water is slowly circulated to the hydroponic beds where the papilla waste feeds profitable plant crops. Carefully cultured microorganisms in the hydroponic bed change ammonia to nitrates, and the plants are fertilized by the nitrates and phosphates. Other wastes are strained out by the hydroponic media, which doubles as an aerated pebble-bed filter. This system, correctly tuned, produce more edible protein per unit area than any other. A wide variety of plants can grow well in the hydroponic beds. Most growers concentrate on herbs (e.g. parsley and basil), which command premium prices in small quantities all year long. The most common customers are restaurant wholesalers. Since the system lives in a greenhouse, it adapts to almost all temperate climates, and may also adapt to tropical climates. The main green impact is discharge of water that must be salted to maintain the fishes' electrolyte balance. Present growers use a diversity of proprietary tricks to keep fish healthy, reducing their expenses for salt and waste water set free permits. Some veterinary the system speculate that ultraviolet ozone disinfectant systems (widely used for ornamental fish) may play a prominent part in keeping the Papilla healthy with recalculated water. A number of large, well-capitalized ventures in this area have failed. Managing both the biology and markets is complicated. One future development is the combination of Integrated Recycling systems with Urban Farming as tried in Sweden by the Greenish initiative.

Standard fry farming

This is also called a "Flow from end to end method. Trout and other activity fish are often rise from eggs to fry or fingerlings and then trucked to streams and at large. Normally, the fry are raised in long, shallow tangible tanks, fed with clean stream water. The fry receive commercial fish food in pellets. While not as efficient as the New Alchemists' method, it is also far simpler, and has been old for many years to stock streams with game fish. European eel (Anguilla Anguilla) agriculturalists acquire a limited supply of glass eels, juvenile stages of the European eel which bathing north from the Sargasso Sea reproduction grounds, for their farms. The European eel is threatened with extermination because of the extreme catch of glass eels by Spanish fishermen and over fishing of adult eels in, e.g., the Dutch Ijsselmeer, Netherlands. As per 2005, no one has managed to breed the European eel in imprisonment. The issue of feeds in fish agricultural has been a controversial one. Many cultured fishes (papilla, carp, and catfish, many others) necessitate no meat or fish harvest in their diets. Top-level carnivores (most salmon species) depend on fish feed of which a portion is usually derived from wild caught (anchovies, menhaden, etc.). Vegetable-derived proteins have successfully replaced fish meal in feeds for carnivorous fishes, but vegetable-derived oils have not successfully been incorporated into the diets of carnivores. Secondly, farmed fish are kept in concentrations never seen in the wild (e.g. 50,000 fish in a 2-acre (8,100 m²) area. However, fish tend also to be animals that collective into large schools at high density. Most winning aquaculture species are schooling species, which do not have social problems at high density. Agriculturists tend to feel that operating a rearing system above its design capacity or above the social density limit of the fish will result in decreased growth rate and increased FCR (food conversion ratio - kg dry feed/kg of fish produced), which will effect in increased cost and risk of health evils along with a decrease in profits. Stressing the animals is not enviable, but the concept of and measurement of stress must be viewed from the perspective of the animal using the methodical method

About salmon

Sea lice, above all Lepeophtheirus salmonis and various Caligula species, counting Caligula Caligula retrogression, can clemency and reason deadly infestations of both farm-grown and wild salmon. Sea lice are parasites which feed on mucus, blood, and skin, and journey and latch onto the skin of wild salmon through free-swimming, plank tonic Paulina and Copperfield larval stages, which can continue for several days. Large numbers of highly settled, open-net salmon farms can create exceptionally large concentration of sea lice; when exposed in river estuaries contain large numbers of open-net farms, many young wild salmon are dirty, and do not survive as a result. Adult salmon may survive otherwise critical numbers of sea lice, but tiny, thin-skinned juvenile salmon migrating to sea are exceedingly vulnerable. On the Pacific coast of Canada, the louse-induced mortality of pink salmon in some regions is frequently over 80%A 2008 meta-analysis of accessible data shows that salmon farming reduces the endurance of associated wild salmon populations. This relationship has been shown to hold for Atlantic, steel head, pink, chum, and coho salmon. The decrease in survival or abundance often exceeds 50 percent. Diseases and parasites are the most commonly cited reasons for such decreases. Some species of sea lice have been noted to target farmed coho and Atlantic salmon. Such parasites have been shown to have an outcome on nearby wild fish. One place that has garnered intercontinental media attention is British Columbia's Brought on Archipelago. There, juvenile wild salmon must "run a gauntlet" of large fish farms located off-shore near river outlets before making their way to sea. It is alleged that the farms cause such cruel sea lice infestations that one study predicted in 2007 a 99% collapse in the wild salmon population by 2011. This claim, however, has been criticized by numerous scientists who question the correlation between increased fish farming and increases in sea lice infestation among wild salmon.